{"id":73,"date":"2011-02-08T22:02:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-08T22:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baron.yakimaxim.site\/article-incoterms-2010-what-s-new\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T12:44:34","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T12:44:34","slug":"article-incoterms-2010-what-s-new","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/frishberg.com\/uk\/article-incoterms-2010-what-s-new\/","title":{"rendered":"Incoterms 2010: What&#8217;s New?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vgblk-rw-wrapper limit-wrapper\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">February 8, 2011&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TO: Clients and Friends of the Firm&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FR: Tatyana Dzyadok <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Frishberg &amp; Partners <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">RE: <strong>Incoterms 2010: what\u2019s new?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Incoterms Rules were developed more than 70 years ago by the International Chamber of&nbsp;Commerce in Paris and have long been accepted by numerous governments, legal authorities and&nbsp;traders worldwide as the definitive interpretation of the most commonly used terms in&nbsp;international trade. The main sections of Incoterms Rules govern foreign trade contracts with&nbsp;provisions concerning loading, transportation, insurance and delivery of goods. Incoterms also&nbsp;describe the tasks, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Due to global changes within the industry over a period of time, these rules are normally updated&nbsp;every 10 years. The last revision of Incoterms took place way back in 2000. Of course, a number&nbsp;of significant changes took place in both global and domestic trade. Therefore, as expected, the&nbsp;International Chamber of Commerce has recently adopted a new edition of Incoterms Rules \u2013&nbsp;Incoterms 2010. The new Incoterms Rules 2010 have been effective as of January 2011 and&nbsp;have replaced Incoterms 2000 edition.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Immediately below we discuss the principal features of Incoterms 2010, as well as the main&nbsp;distinctions of Incoterms 2000 and Incoterms 2010. In addition, we briefly address the issue of&nbsp;enforceability of Incoterms 2010 in Ukraine.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In contrast to the previous Incoterms 2000 edition, which provided for four groups of terms,&nbsp;Incoterms 2010 are neatly arranged into 2 main groups: (i) those applicable to all modes of&nbsp;transport, and (ii) those, which are only applicable to sea and inland waterway transport. We&nbsp;briefly review each group immediately below:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(i) EXW &#8211; Ex Works&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; FCA &#8211; Free Carrier&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; CPT &#8211; Carriage Paid To&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; CIP &#8211; Carriage and Insurance Paid&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; DAT &#8211; Delivered At Terminal<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; DAP &#8211; Delivered At Place&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; DDP &#8211; Delivered Duty Paid<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The first class includes the seven terms of Incoterms 2010 edition that can be used irrespective of&nbsp;the mode of transport selected and regardless of whether one or more mode transport is&nbsp;employed. As noted above, EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP belong to this class.&nbsp;They can be used when there is no maritime transport at all, or in cases where a ship is used for a part of the carriage.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(ii) FAS &#8211; Free Alongside Ship&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FOB &#8211; Free On Board&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CFR &#8211; Cost and Freight&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CIF &#8211; Cost, Insurance and Freight&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this second class of Incoterms 2010, the delivery point and the place where the goods are&nbsp;carried to the buyer are both ports and, thus, the label \u201csea and inland waterway\u201d is applicable.&nbsp;As mentioned, FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF belong to this class. Under the latter three terms, the&nbsp;ship\u2019s rail as the point of delivery has been omitted in preference for goods being delivered when&nbsp;they are \u201con board\u201d the vessel. This more closely reflects the modern commercial reality and&nbsp;avoids the rather out-dated image of the risk of goods swinging like a pendulum across an&nbsp;imaginary perpendicular line.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In other words, whereas Incoterms 2000 edition had four categories, Incoterms 2010 edition has&nbsp;only two categories. In addition, the newly-adopted Incoterms 2010 includes 11 terms\/rules&nbsp;instead of the 13 as previously encompassed by Incoterms 2000. This was achieved by&nbsp;employing two new rules that may be used irrespective of the agreed upon mode of&nbsp;transportation \u2013 DAT, Delivered at Terminal, and DAP, Delivered at Place \u2013 in place of the&nbsp;Incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU. Specifically, four sales terms have been&nbsp;removed:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">DAF &#8211; Delivered at Frontier&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">DES &#8211; Delivered ex ship <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">DEQ &#8211; Delivered ex quay, and <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">DDU &#8211; Delivered duty unpaid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under the two new rules, delivery occurs at a named destination: in DAT, at the buyer\u2019s disposal&nbsp;already unloaded from the arriving vehicle (as under the former DEQ rule); and in DAP, also at&nbsp;the buyer\u2019s disposal, but only ready for unloading (as under the former DAF, DES and DDU&nbsp;rules).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Accordingly, these new rules render the Incoterms 2000 rules DES and DEQ obsolete. The&nbsp;appointed terminal in DAT may well be in a port, and DAT can therefore safely be used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DEQ once was. Likewise, the arriving \u201cvehicle\u201d under DAP may&nbsp;also be a ship and the named place of destination may be a port. Thus, DAP can seamlessly be&nbsp;used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DES was once applied. These new rules, like their&nbsp;predecessors, are \u201cdelivered\u201d, with the seller bearing all the costs (other than those related to&nbsp;import clearance, where applicable) and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In summary, the following Incoterms 2000 have been deleted from the list: DAF, DES, DEQ and&nbsp;DDU. In their place, two new terms have been added to the list: DAT and DAP, whereas DAT&nbsp;replaces Incoterms 2000 rule DEQ, and DAP replaces Incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES and&nbsp;DDU.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Incoterms 2010 edition sets forth clear distinctions between so called \u201cblue terms\u201d for&nbsp;shipping by ship and terms for multimodal shipping. The explanations for the sales terms&nbsp;indicate which sales terms to use for which mode of transportation (multimodal terms: EXW,&nbsp;FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DAT, DDP; blue terms: FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF).&nbsp;Moreover, the sales terms FOB, CFR and CIF have been adjusted or additionally explained. For&nbsp;example, regarding FOB, the transfer of risk formerly occurred when the goods had passed the&nbsp;vertical of the ship.s rail, similar to CFR and CIF. Now it has been made clear that the&nbsp;henceforth transfer of risk only occurs when the goods have been set down on the ship. Thus, a&nbsp;part of the risk has been transferred to the supplier.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Additionally, the new sales terms suggest that in modern container traffic the sales terms CFR&nbsp;and CIF are impracticable because circumstances in modern container ports no longer justify&nbsp;determining the transfer of risk by the means of loading a ship. The definition now uses \u201cset&nbsp;down of goods on the ship\u201d. Thus, the recommendation is to use in container traffic the sales&nbsp;terms CPT or CIP (in these cases the transfer of risk takes place upon surrender of the goods to&nbsp;the carrier). The new set of sales terms also take into account \u201csupply chain security\u201d and&nbsp;electronic documents.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In general consideration of the two new rules, the Incoterms 2010 edition reflects advances in&nbsp;international trade over the last decade, making it an essential tool for contemporary trade. When&nbsp;used in both international and domestic contracts for the sale of goods, the rules simplify the&nbsp;drafting of contracts and help avoid misunderstandings by clearly setting out the specific&nbsp;obligations of buyers and sellers.&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In addition to the 11 rules, Incoterms 2010 includes the following novel issues: <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 extensive guidance notes and illustrative graphics to help users efficiently choose&nbsp;the proper rule for each transaction;&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 new classifications to help choose the most suitable rule in light of the mode of transportation to be applied;&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 advice for using electronic procedures; <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 information on security-related clearances for shipments; <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 advice for the use of Incoterms 2010 rules in domestic trade. (The Incoterms 2010 rules formally recognize that they are available for application to both&nbsp;international and domestic sales contracts).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Importantly, all contracts executed under Incoterms 2000 remain valid even after 2011. While&nbsp;the new Incoterms&nbsp;endorse the use of Incoterms 2010 after 2011, the parties to a contract for the sale of goods may still agree to choose any edition of the Incoterms rules even after 2011. In any&nbsp;case, however, it is vital to clearly specify the chosen edition of Incoterms in a contract.&nbsp;The use of Incoterms 2000 rules in Ukraine is governed by the Decree of the President of&nbsp;Ukraine No. 567\/94 \u201cOn Use of International Rules of Interpretation of Commercial Terms\u201d,&nbsp;dated October 4, 1994, as well as Article 265 of Commercial Code of Ukraine. In order to&nbsp;prepare the use of Incoterms 2010 in Ukraine, a workgroup under the relevant Commission on&nbsp;the issues of foreign economic activity of International Chamber of Commerce was organized,&nbsp;consisting of the representatives of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, the&nbsp;Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the state customs service of Ukraine.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The workgroup is currently engaged in the process of coordinating the Ukrainian version of&nbsp;Incoterms rules 2010, as well as the procedure of their implementation within the Ukrainian&nbsp;authorities dealing with Incoterms rules. In the opinion of the Ukrainian national committee of&nbsp;the International Chamber of Commerce, the issuance of the Ukrainian version of Incoterms&nbsp;2010 may be delayed due to the fact that since 1994 (i.e., upon adoption of the Decree governing&nbsp;the use of Incoterms rules) numerous legislative pieces have been adopted, which contain&nbsp;alternative and mutually exclusive requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At the same time, in compliance with the above-mentioned Decree, when concluding foreign&nbsp;economic agreements\/contracts, commercial entities may apply new Incoterms rules only after&nbsp;their official publication. Usually, the amendments related to newly-adopted rules can be&nbsp;applied within 10 days after their publication. Therefore, we believe that over the next few years&nbsp;most Ukrainian companies involved in foreign economic activity will continue to regulate their&nbsp;relationships with counterparties in accordance with Incoterms 2000.<\/span>\f<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><!-- .vgblk-rw-wrapper -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>February 8, 2011&nbsp; TO: Clients and Friends of the Firm&nbsp;FR: Tatyana Dzyadok Frishberg &amp; Partners RE: Incoterms 2010: what\u2019s new? Incoterms Rules were developed more than 70 years ago by the International Chamber of&nbsp;Commerce in Paris and have long been accepted by numerous governments, legal authorities and&nbsp;traders worldwide as the definitive interpretation of the most&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[65,125],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-legal-analysis","category-import-export"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Incoterms 2010: What&#039;s New? - Frishberg &amp; Partners\u200b<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/frishberg.com\/uk\/article-incoterms-2010-what-s-new\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"uk_UA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Incoterms 2010: What&#039;s New? - Frishberg &amp; Partners\u200b\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"February 8, 2011&nbsp; TO: Clients and Friends of the Firm&nbsp;FR: Tatyana Dzyadok Frishberg &amp; Partners RE: Incoterms 2010: what\u2019s new? 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